This is what I used to teach forensics and general science information to an elective class called Science in Fiction. I took pictures off the internet and did not always get the locations, I apologize and do not want anyone thinking that these diagrams and pictures are my property. The were originally published by someone else. When I try to go back and find the information to give the appropriate credit, I can't seem to find the correct source.
Grave Secrets Notes
Grave Secrets Notes
Body Positioning
Ventral: this is the lower part of an animal. Imagine a dog or cat, ventral is the stomach
Dorsal: the back, such as a dorsal fin of a shark
Anterior: the front, in a 4 legged animal, it means the head, in humans it can include the front such as the chest
Posterior: the end. Behind
Distal: away from the core, your elbow is distal to the shoulder
Proximal: closer to the core, your knee is proximal to your ankle
Supine: means to lie down on your back.
Bone structure:
Epiphyseal line: a line on a bone that indicates the ossification of the growth plate
Ligament: tough tissue that holds bone together
Tendon: collagen that holds muscle to bone
Muscle: a tissue that contracts to cause movement
Hyoid: a U shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue: often broken in strangulation
Ethmoid: a square bone at the root of the nose, forming part of the cranium, and having many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose.
Humerus long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow
Femur: thighbone, longest and strongest bone in the body
Sphenoid: a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two pairs of broad lateral "wings" and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses.
Older grave excavation such as the well at Chupan Ya:
If the body is in a grave, the grave can begin to be excavated once the map and grid system are in place.
A line level must be used to determine vertical and horizontal levels of items.
Excavation should start with removal of dirt with a shovel 2 inches deep at a time until an item is reached. If the area is very large and not known for sure, a backhoe can be used.
Each found item should be uncovered but left in place for mapping, recording and photographing.
As soil is removed from the scene, it should be sifted through a ¼ inch screen for small objects.
Tools required for Body Recovery:
Shovel
Pruning sheers
Wooden stakes
Toothbrushes
Flags on wooden stakes/dowels
Buckets for moving dirt
Notebook / pencils
Protractor
Camera
Tape measures
Line Level
Insect collecting jars
Square and pointed trowels
Screens( ¼ and 1/8 inch)
Paint brushes
Dental picks
Wooden digging instruments
Evidence bags and wrapping
Graph paper
String/twine
Metal detector
Compass
Transit and stadium rod
Entomologists net
Gloves
Collecting the remains:
Wear latex or similar gloves
Create an inventory of items
Create a log of people who handle each item.
Each item is bagged appropriately and then each bag is sealed and labeled with the date, case number, and officer’s name.
If there’s still soft tissue, a body bag is best, but a seal must be placed over the zipper to assure no contamination before it reaches the lab.
If no soft tissue, bones can be placed in paper bags and additionally labeled which bone it contains
If multiple bodies are found, if possible to identify in the field, keep separate and give a case number post-script letter to identify separate remains.
Soil from around the body and at least 4 inches deep below the body should be collected as well to examine for hair and chemical analysis
This is a standard purchasable forensics kit containing pre-labeled bags, specimen collection jars, hand magnifying glass, and case to keep it all in. This may be handy for a very small town that is generally crime free or a school example.
This skeleton has been buried for a long time. Some fo the factors to determine the length of burial include the color and texture of the bones along with the postmortum deterioration of the bones based on the weather conditions in the location of the burial
Grid System of Recovery
Note improper attire. Also note tools being used.
Better attire in this picture. Note tools.
Grave Secrets Notes
Body Positioning
Ventral: this is the lower part of an animal. Imagine a dog or cat, ventral is the stomach
Dorsal: the back, such as a dorsal fin of a shark
Anterior: the front, in a 4 legged animal, it means the head, in humans it can include the front such as the chest
Posterior: the end. Behind
Distal: away from the core, your elbow is distal to the shoulder
Proximal: closer to the core, your knee is proximal to your ankle
Supine: means to lie down on your back.
Bone structure:
Epiphyseal line: a line on a bone that indicates the ossification of the growth plate
Ligament: tough tissue that holds bone together
Tendon: collagen that holds muscle to bone
Muscle: a tissue that contracts to cause movement
Hyoid: a U shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue: often broken in strangulation
Ethmoid: a square bone at the root of the nose, forming part of the cranium, and having many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose.
Humerus long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow
Femur: thighbone, longest and strongest bone in the body
Sphenoid: a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two pairs of broad lateral "wings" and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses.
Older grave excavation such as the well at Chupan Ya:
If the body is in a grave, the grave can begin to be excavated once the map and grid system are in place.
A line level must be used to determine vertical and horizontal levels of items.
Excavation should start with removal of dirt with a shovel 2 inches deep at a time until an item is reached. If the area is very large and not known for sure, a backhoe can be used.
Each found item should be uncovered but left in place for mapping, recording and photographing.
As soil is removed from the scene, it should be sifted through a ¼ inch screen for small objects.
Tools required for Body Recovery:
Shovel
Pruning sheers
Wooden stakes
Toothbrushes
Flags on wooden stakes/dowels
Buckets for moving dirt
Notebook / pencils
Protractor
Camera
Tape measures
Line Level
Insect collecting jars
Square and pointed trowels
Screens( ¼ and 1/8 inch)
Paint brushes
Dental picks
Wooden digging instruments
Evidence bags and wrapping
Graph paper
String/twine
Metal detector
Compass
Transit and stadium rod
Entomologists net
Gloves
Collecting the remains:
Wear latex or similar gloves
Create an inventory of items
Create a log of people who handle each item.
Each item is bagged appropriately and then each bag is sealed and labeled with the date, case number, and officer’s name.
If there’s still soft tissue, a body bag is best, but a seal must be placed over the zipper to assure no contamination before it reaches the lab.
If no soft tissue, bones can be placed in paper bags and additionally labeled which bone it contains
If multiple bodies are found, if possible to identify in the field, keep separate and give a case number post-script letter to identify separate remains.
Soil from around the body and at least 4 inches deep below the body should be collected as well to examine for hair and chemical analysis
This is a standard purchasable forensics kit containing pre-labeled bags, specimen collection jars, hand magnifying glass, and case to keep it all in. This may be handy for a very small town that is generally crime free or a school example.
This skeleton has been buried for a long time. Some fo the factors to determine the length of burial include the color and texture of the bones along with the postmortum deterioration of the bones based on the weather conditions in the location of the burial
Grid System of Recovery
Note improper attire. Also note tools being used.
Better attire in this picture. Note tools.
Grave Secrets Notes
Body Positioning
Ventral: this is the lower part of an animal. Imagine a dog or cat, ventral is the stomach
Dorsal: the back, such as a dorsal fin of a shark
Anterior: the front, in a 4 legged animal, it means the head, in humans it can include the front such as the chest
Posterior: the end. Behind
Distal: away from the core, your elbow is distal to the shoulder
Proximal: closer to the core, your knee is proximal to your ankle
Supine: means to lie down on your back.
Bone structure:
Epiphyseal line: a line on a bone that indicates the ossification of the growth plate
Ligament: tough tissue that holds bone together
Tendon: collagen that holds muscle to bone
Muscle: a tissue that contracts to cause movement
Hyoid: a U shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue: often broken in strangulation
Ethmoid: a square bone at the root of the nose, forming part of the cranium, and having many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose.
Humerus long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow
Femur: thighbone, longest and strongest bone in the body
Sphenoid: a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two pairs of broad lateral "wings" and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses.
Older grave excavation such as the well at Chupan Ya:
If the body is in a grave, the grave can begin to be excavated once the map and grid system are in place.
A line level must be used to determine vertical and horizontal levels of items.
Excavation should start with removal of dirt with a shovel 2 inches deep at a time until an item is reached. If the area is very large and not known for sure, a backhoe can be used.
Each found item should be uncovered but left in place for mapping, recording and photographing.
As soil is removed from the scene, it should be sifted through a ¼ inch screen for small objects.
Tools required for Body Recovery:
Shovel
Pruning sheers
Wooden stakes
Toothbrushes
Flags on wooden stakes/dowels
Buckets for moving dirt
Notebook / pencils
Protractor
Camera
Tape measures
Line Level
Insect collecting jars
Square and pointed trowels
Screens( ¼ and 1/8 inch)
Paint brushes
Dental picks
Wooden digging instruments
Evidence bags and wrapping
Graph paper
String/twine
Metal detector
Compass
Transit and stadium rod
Entomologists net
Gloves
Collecting the remains:
Wear latex or similar gloves
Create an inventory of items
Create a log of people who handle each item.
Each item is bagged appropriately and then each bag is sealed and labeled with the date, case number, and officer’s name.
If there’s still soft tissue, a body bag is best, but a seal must be placed over the zipper to assure no contamination before it reaches the lab.
If no soft tissue, bones can be placed in paper bags and additionally labeled which bone it contains
If multiple bodies are found, if possible to identify in the field, keep separate and give a case number post-script letter to identify separate remains.
Soil from around the body and at least 4 inches deep below the body should be collected as well to examine for hair and chemical analysis
This is a standard purchasable forensics kit containing pre-labeled bags, specimen collection jars, hand magnifying glass, and case to keep it all in. This may be handy for a very small town that is generally crime free or a school example.
This skeleton has been buried for a long time. Some fo the factors to determine the length of burial include the color and texture of the bones along with the postmortum deterioration of the bones based on the weather conditions in the location of the burial
Grid System of Recovery
Note improper attire. Also note tools being used.
Better attire in this picture. Note tools.
Bone structures:
How does a septic tank work?
Septic tanks on a residential level take the waste water from a house and hold it in a tank. As the tank fills up, the more dense materials sink to the bottom and the lighter ( water based) materials flow out the outlet to a distribution box which then sends the fluids to a series of tubes ( drain field or leach field) which allows the water to seep into the stone and sand below to be further filtered and return to the ground water.
The actual tank itself, in a small system
The larger sources such as businesses, hotels, and restaurants generally need larger septic tanks. Larger tanks frequently have sections to let the materials to filter better since there is a larger quantity of materials. Commercial tanks usually have to have grease and solids removed on a fairly regular basis.
Pumping out the septic tank. Usually the grease and solids need to be pumped out periodically or the pipe leading to the leach field will clog. A clog in the pipes causes the materials in the tank to back up into the house or building the materials came from.
Mitosis and Meiosis Review:
Mitosis: asexual reproduction. One cell copies its DNA and becomes two new ( daughter) cells exactly identical to the first ( parent) cell. These new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitosis is used for growth and repair in multicellular organisms. In unicellular organisms, Mitosis is used as a means of reproduction to create new organisms. In a developing embryo and fetus, Mitosis starts after fertilization and is responsible for a single cell making copies of itself until the cells have differentiated and made an organism with different tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Meiosis: is part of sexual reproduction. Once cell copies its DNA and then splits into 4 new cells (gametes) with half of the genetic information of the original (parent) cell. These new cells have half the chromosomes as the original cells. Meiosis is used to create sex cells that require combining ( fertilization) with another sex cell to become a new organism that is similar to the parents and contains one half the genetic information from each parent. Meiosis only occurs in the gonads.
Fetal Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Carnegie_Stages
Size comparison: Chapter 8, 5 months
Week 4: poppy seed
Week 5: sesame seed
Week 6: lentil
Week 7: blueberry
Week 8: kidney bean
Week 9: grape
Week 10: kumquat
Week 11: fig
Week 12: lime
Week: 13: pea pod
Week 14: lemon
Week 15: apple
Week 16: avocado
Week 17: turnip
Week 18: bell pepper
Week 19: heirloom tomato
Week 20: banana
Week 21: carrot
Week 22: spaghetti squash
Week 23: large Mango
Week 24: ear of corn
Week 25: rutabaga
Week 26: scallion
Week 27: small head of cauliflower
Week 28: large eggplant
Week 29: butternut squash
Week 30: cabbage
Week 31: coconut
Week 32: jicama
Week 33: pineapple
Week 34: Cantaloupe
Week 35: honeydew
Week 36: head of Romaine
Week 37: a bunch of Swiss chard
Week 38: mini-water melon
Week 39: small pumpkin
http://www.babycenter.com/slideshow-baby-size
Cat Scan: A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scan images provide more detailed information than plain X-rays do.
A CT scan has many uses, but is particularly well-suited to quickly examine people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or other types of trauma. A CT scan can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or radiation treatment.
Your doctor may recommend a CT scan to help:
Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone tumors and fractures
Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot
Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy
Detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses
Monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as cancer treatment
Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
Structure: double helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Location: Nucleus and mitochondria
Made of: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Long coiled sections are called chromosomes
Short sections are genes. Genes are sections that control a trait.
DNA controls the organism by controlling which proteins are made. The DNA can’t leave the nucleus so it send the message of what protein to make by making a copy of itself with mRNA which then leaves the nucleus and travels through the cell to the ribosomes.
Stem Cells: an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
In English: stem cells are cells that have the ability to be any cell in the body because they haven’t decided what they’re going to be yet.
Why are Stem cells such a big fuss?
Stem cells are mostly are taken as Embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells taken from aborted fetuses or fertilized eggs that are left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF). People who oppose Stem cell research are generally opposed due to the idea that they come from aborted fetuses and they are the people who oppose abortion on religious or moral grounds and feel that life begins at conception. Aside from the anti-abortion reasons, they also oppose are afraid people will eventually be paid for these aborted fetuses so women will get pregnant and have abortions so that they can donate the fetuses for stem cell research. There are also people that believe all eggs fertilized for IVF have the same rights as all other people and therefore, using the stem cells from these cells is murder.
Scientists and people like Christopher Reeves and Michael J. Fox have been so interested in stem cells because they see stem cells as a way to make humans be able to regenerate. For years we have seen lizards regenerate and have researched this ability in hopes of being able to replicate this ability. You may remember Christopher Reeves as superman from the old movies. He had a horseback riding accident and was paralyzed from the neck down. He was an advocate for stem cell research because he felt that stem cells can be used to regrow nerve tissue which would cure paralysis. Michael J. Fox was Marty in the Back to the Future movies. He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at an early age. Parkinson’s disease is a disease of the nervous system that makes it so you can’t control the muscles in your body. Initial symptoms include thumb rolling and inability to stop quickly when walking. As the disease progresses, it leads to inability to swallow and eventually breathing ceases. It is believed that stem cells may be able to be differentiated into cells to repair the damaged cells that cause Parkinson’s disease.
Other benefits of stem cell research is that if we were able to control the differentiation of the stem cells, not only would we be able to regrow specific types of cells such as nerve cells or brain cells, but we may be able to regrow complex organs such as heart, kidney, or pancreas? We have hundreds of thousands of people waiting for a donor organ to replace a failing one. Many people die before a donor is found. Many people are not even considered as eligible to be placed on the donor waiting list due to other health complications. What is nobody had to wait for donor organs anymore, but could just regrow damaged organs? What if we could use stem cells to regrow entire limbs? It could be like skelegrow in Harry Potter. Imagine what the benefit being able to regrow a leg could be to all of our service people who lose an appendage while serving in the military. And what about farmers? A very dangerous profession. Many loose fingers or limbs during accidents. Imagine the change in their lives if they were able to regrow the removed body part.
While all these innovations would help relieve suffering and make people more able to be productive members of society, the increased survival and productivity rate of people that survive can have a negative impact on society as well. If we lose on average 6,500 people each year who are on a transplant list, what will happen to the overall population over the years due to the decrease in these loses?
IVF: In Vitro Fertilization
A complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from the ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs are implanted in the uterus. One cycle of IVF takes about two weeks.
IVF is the most effective form of assisted reproductive technology. The procedure can be done using a couples own eggs and sperm. Or IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryos from a known or anonymous donor. In some cases, a gestational carrier — a woman who has an embryo implanted in her uterus — might be used.
The chances of having a healthy baby using IVF depend on many factors, such as age and the cause of infertility. In addition, IVF can be time-consuming, expensive and invasive. If more than one embryo is implanted in the uterus, IVF can result in a pregnancy with more than one fetus, think Octomom!
http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/basics/definition/prc-20018905
Bone structures:
How does a septic tank work?
Septic tanks on a residential level take the waste water from a house and hold it in a tank. As the tank fills up, the more dense materials sink to the bottom and the lighter ( water based) materials flow out the outlet to a distribution box which then sends the fluids to a series of tubes ( drain field or leach field) which allows the water to seep into the stone and sand below to be further filtered and return to the ground water.
The actual tank itself, in a small system
The larger sources such as businesses, hotels, and restaurants generally need larger septic tanks. Larger tanks frequently have sections to let the materials to filter better since there is a larger quantity of materials. Commercial tanks usually have to have grease and solids removed on a fairly regular basis.
Pumping out the septic tank. Usually the grease and solids need to be pumped out periodically or the pipe leading to the leach field will clog. A clog in the pipes causes the materials in the tank to back up into the house or building the materials came from.
Mitosis and Meiosis Review:
Mitosis: asexual reproduction. One cell copies its DNA and becomes two new ( daughter) cells exactly identical to the first ( parent) cell. These new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitosis is used for growth and repair in multicellular organisms. In unicellular organisms, Mitosis is used as a means of reproduction to create new organisms. In a developing embryo and fetus, Mitosis starts after fertilization and is responsible for a single cell making copies of itself until the cells have differentiated and made an organism with different tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Meiosis: is part of sexual reproduction. Once cell copies its DNA and then splits into 4 new cells (gametes) with half of the genetic information of the original (parent) cell. These new cells have half the chromosomes as the original cells. Meiosis is used to create sex cells that require combining ( fertilization) with another sex cell to become a new organism that is similar to the parents and contains one half the genetic information from each parent. Meiosis only occurs in the gonads.
Fetal Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Carnegie_Stages
Size comparison: Chapter 8, 5 months
Week 4: poppy seed
Week 5: sesame seed
Week 6: lentil
Week 7: blueberry
Week 8: kidney bean
Week 9: grape
Week 10: kumquat
Week 11: fig
Week 12: lime
Week: 13: pea pod
Week 14: lemon
Week 15: apple
Week 16: avocado
Week 17: turnip
Week 18: bell pepper
Week 19: heirloom tomato
Week 20: banana
Week 21: carrot
Week 22: spaghetti squash
Week 23: large Mango
Week 24: ear of corn
Week 25: rutabaga
Week 26: scallion
Week 27: small head of cauliflower
Week 28: large eggplant
Week 29: butternut squash
Week 30: cabbage
Week 31: coconut
Week 32: jicama
Week 33: pineapple
Week 34: Cantaloupe
Week 35: honeydew
Week 36: head of Romaine
Week 37: a bunch of Swiss chard
Week 38: mini-water melon
Week 39: small pumpkin
http://www.babycenter.com/slideshow-baby-size
Cat Scan: A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scan images provide more detailed information than plain X-rays do.
A CT scan has many uses, but is particularly well-suited to quickly examine people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or other types of trauma. A CT scan can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or radiation treatment.
Your doctor may recommend a CT scan to help:
Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone tumors and fractures
Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot
Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy
Detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses
Monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as cancer treatment
Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
Structure: double helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Location: Nucleus and mitochondria
Made of: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Long coiled sections are called chromosomes
Short sections are genes. Genes are sections that control a trait.
DNA controls the organism by controlling which proteins are made. The DNA can’t leave the nucleus so it send the message of what protein to make by making a copy of itself with mRNA which then leaves the nucleus and travels through the cell to the ribosomes.
Stem Cells: an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
In English: stem cells are cells that have the ability to be any cell in the body because they haven’t decided what they’re going to be yet.
Why are Stem cells such a big fuss?
Stem cells are mostly are taken as Embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells taken from aborted fetuses or fertilized eggs that are left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF). People who oppose Stem cell research are generally opposed due to the idea that they come from aborted fetuses and they are the people who oppose abortion on religious or moral grounds and feel that life begins at conception. Aside from the anti-abortion reasons, they also oppose are afraid people will eventually be paid for these aborted fetuses so women will get pregnant and have abortions so that they can donate the fetuses for stem cell research. There are also people that believe all eggs fertilized for IVF have the same rights as all other people and therefore, using the stem cells from these cells is murder.
Scientists and people like Christopher Reeves and Michael J. Fox have been so interested in stem cells because they see stem cells as a way to make humans be able to regenerate. For years we have seen lizards regenerate and have researched this ability in hopes of being able to replicate this ability. You may remember Christopher Reeves as superman from the old movies. He had a horseback riding accident and was paralyzed from the neck down. He was an advocate for stem cell research because he felt that stem cells can be used to regrow nerve tissue which would cure paralysis. Michael J. Fox was Marty in the Back to the Future movies. He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at an early age. Parkinson’s disease is a disease of the nervous system that makes it so you can’t control the muscles in your body. Initial symptoms include thumb rolling and inability to stop quickly when walking. As the disease progresses, it leads to inability to swallow and eventually breathing ceases. It is believed that stem cells may be able to be differentiated into cells to repair the damaged cells that cause Parkinson’s disease.
Other benefits of stem cell research is that if we were able to control the differentiation of the stem cells, not only would we be able to regrow specific types of cells such as nerve cells or brain cells, but we may be able to regrow complex organs such as heart, kidney, or pancreas? We have hundreds of thousands of people waiting for a donor organ to replace a failing one. Many people die before a donor is found. Many people are not even considered as eligible to be placed on the donor waiting list due to other health complications. What is nobody had to wait for donor organs anymore, but could just regrow damaged organs? What if we could use stem cells to regrow entire limbs? It could be like skelegrow in Harry Potter. Imagine what the benefit being able to regrow a leg could be to all of our service people who lose an appendage while serving in the military. And what about farmers? A very dangerous profession. Many loose fingers or limbs during accidents. Imagine the change in their lives if they were able to regrow the removed body part.
While all these innovations would help relieve suffering and make people more able to be productive members of society, the increased survival and productivity rate of people that survive can have a negative impact on society as well. If we lose on average 6,500 people each year who are on a transplant list, what will happen to the overall population over the years due to the decrease in these loses?
IVF: In Vitro Fertilization
A complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from the ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs are implanted in the uterus. One cycle of IVF takes about two weeks.
IVF is the most effective form of assisted reproductive technology. The procedure can be done using a couples own eggs and sperm. Or IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryos from a known or anonymous donor. In some cases, a gestational carrier — a woman who has an embryo implanted in her uterus — might be used.
The chances of having a healthy baby using IVF depend on many factors, such as age and the cause of infertility. In addition, IVF can be time-consuming, expensive and invasive. If more than one embryo is implanted in the uterus, IVF can result in a pregnancy with more than one fetus, think Octomom!
http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/basics/definition/prc-20018905
Bone structures:
How does a septic tank work?
Septic tanks on a residential level take the waste water from a house and hold it in a tank. As the tank fills up, the more dense materials sink to the bottom and the lighter ( water based) materials flow out the outlet to a distribution box which then sends the fluids to a series of tubes ( drain field or leach field) which allows the water to seep into the stone and sand below to be further filtered and return to the ground water.
The actual tank itself, in a small system
The larger sources such as businesses, hotels, and restaurants generally need larger septic tanks. Larger tanks frequently have sections to let the materials to filter better since there is a larger quantity of materials. Commercial tanks usually have to have grease and solids removed on a fairly regular basis.
Pumping out the septic tank. Usually the grease and solids need to be pumped out periodically or the pipe leading to the leach field will clog. A clog in the pipes causes the materials in the tank to back up into the house or building the materials came from.
Mitosis and Meiosis Review:
Mitosis: asexual reproduction. One cell copies its DNA and becomes two new ( daughter) cells exactly identical to the first ( parent) cell. These new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitosis is used for growth and repair in multicellular organisms. In unicellular organisms, Mitosis is used as a means of reproduction to create new organisms. In a developing embryo and fetus, Mitosis starts after fertilization and is responsible for a single cell making copies of itself until the cells have differentiated and made an organism with different tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Meiosis: is part of sexual reproduction. Once cell copies its DNA and then splits into 4 new cells (gametes) with half of the genetic information of the original (parent) cell. These new cells have half the chromosomes as the original cells. Meiosis is used to create sex cells that require combining ( fertilization) with another sex cell to become a new organism that is similar to the parents and contains one half the genetic information from each parent. Meiosis only occurs in the gonads.
Fetal Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Carnegie_Stages
Size comparison: Chapter 8, 5 months
Week 4: poppy seed
Week 5: sesame seed
Week 6: lentil
Week 7: blueberry
Week 8: kidney bean
Week 9: grape
Week 10: kumquat
Week 11: fig
Week 12: lime
Week: 13: pea pod
Week 14: lemon
Week 15: apple
Week 16: avocado
Week 17: turnip
Week 18: bell pepper
Week 19: heirloom tomato
Week 20: banana
Week 21: carrot
Week 22: spaghetti squash
Week 23: large Mango
Week 24: ear of corn
Week 25: rutabaga
Week 26: scallion
Week 27: small head of cauliflower
Week 28: large eggplant
Week 29: butternut squash
Week 30: cabbage
Week 31: coconut
Week 32: jicama
Week 33: pineapple
Week 34: Cantaloupe
Week 35: honeydew
Week 36: head of Romaine
Week 37: a bunch of Swiss chard
Week 38: mini-water melon
Week 39: small pumpkin
http://www.babycenter.com/slideshow-baby-size
Cat Scan: A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. CT scan images provide more detailed information than plain X-rays do.
A CT scan has many uses, but is particularly well-suited to quickly examine people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or other types of trauma. A CT scan can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or radiation treatment.
Your doctor may recommend a CT scan to help:
Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone tumors and fractures
Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot
Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy
Detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses
Monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as cancer treatment
Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
Structure: double helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Location: Nucleus and mitochondria
Made of: Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Long coiled sections are called chromosomes
Short sections are genes. Genes are sections that control a trait.
DNA controls the organism by controlling which proteins are made. The DNA can’t leave the nucleus so it send the message of what protein to make by making a copy of itself with mRNA which then leaves the nucleus and travels through the cell to the ribosomes.
Stem Cells: an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
In English: stem cells are cells that have the ability to be any cell in the body because they haven’t decided what they’re going to be yet.
Why are Stem cells such a big fuss?
Stem cells are mostly are taken as Embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are cells taken from aborted fetuses or fertilized eggs that are left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF). People who oppose Stem cell research are generally opposed due to the idea that they come from aborted fetuses and they are the people who oppose abortion on religious or moral grounds and feel that life begins at conception. Aside from the anti-abortion reasons, they also oppose are afraid people will eventually be paid for these aborted fetuses so women will get pregnant and have abortions so that they can donate the fetuses for stem cell research. There are also people that believe all eggs fertilized for IVF have the same rights as all other people and therefore, using the stem cells from these cells is murder.
Scientists and people like Christopher Reeves and Michael J. Fox have been so interested in stem cells because they see stem cells as a way to make humans be able to regenerate. For years we have seen lizards regenerate and have researched this ability in hopes of being able to replicate this ability. You may remember Christopher Reeves as superman from the old movies. He had a horseback riding accident and was paralyzed from the neck down. He was an advocate for stem cell research because he felt that stem cells can be used to regrow nerve tissue which would cure paralysis. Michael J. Fox was Marty in the Back to the Future movies. He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at an early age. Parkinson’s disease is a disease of the nervous system that makes it so you can’t control the muscles in your body. Initial symptoms include thumb rolling and inability to stop quickly when walking. As the disease progresses, it leads to inability to swallow and eventually breathing ceases. It is believed that stem cells may be able to be differentiated into cells to repair the damaged cells that cause Parkinson’s disease.
Other benefits of stem cell research is that if we were able to control the differentiation of the stem cells, not only would we be able to regrow specific types of cells such as nerve cells or brain cells, but we may be able to regrow complex organs such as heart, kidney, or pancreas? We have hundreds of thousands of people waiting for a donor organ to replace a failing one. Many people die before a donor is found. Many people are not even considered as eligible to be placed on the donor waiting list due to other health complications. What is nobody had to wait for donor organs anymore, but could just regrow damaged organs? What if we could use stem cells to regrow entire limbs? It could be like skelegrow in Harry Potter. Imagine what the benefit being able to regrow a leg could be to all of our service people who lose an appendage while serving in the military. And what about farmers? A very dangerous profession. Many loose fingers or limbs during accidents. Imagine the change in their lives if they were able to regrow the removed body part.
While all these innovations would help relieve suffering and make people more able to be productive members of society, the increased survival and productivity rate of people that survive can have a negative impact on society as well. If we lose on average 6,500 people each year who are on a transplant list, what will happen to the overall population over the years due to the decrease in these loses?
IVF: In Vitro Fertilization
A complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from the ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs are implanted in the uterus. One cycle of IVF takes about two weeks.
IVF is the most effective form of assisted reproductive technology. The procedure can be done using a couples own eggs and sperm. Or IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryos from a known or anonymous donor. In some cases, a gestational carrier — a woman who has an embryo implanted in her uterus — might be used.
The chances of having a healthy baby using IVF depend on many factors, such as age and the cause of infertility. In addition, IVF can be time-consuming, expensive and invasive. If more than one embryo is implanted in the uterus, IVF can result in a pregnancy with more than one fetus, think Octomom!
http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/basics/definition/prc-20018905
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